ANCIENT INDIA
1. Sources
Archaeological sources; excavation. Epigraphy. Numismatic. Monuments.Literary sources indigenous: Primary and secondary. Poetry. Scientific literature. Literature. Literature in regional languages. Religious literature.
Foreign accounts: Greek. Chinese and Arab writers.
2. Pre-history and Proto-history
Geographical factors. Hunting and gathering (Palaeolithic and Mesolithic) beginning of agriculture (Neolithic and Chalcolithic)
3. Indus valley civilization
Origin. Date. Extent. Characteristics. Decline. Survival and significance. Art and architecture.
4. Megalithic cultures
Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures out side the Indus. Development of community life. Settlements. Development of agriculture. Crafts. Pottery and iron industries.
5. Aryans and Vedic period
Expansions of Aryans in India. Vedic period, religious and philosophic literature. Transformation from Rig vedic period to Later Vedic period. Political, social and economical life. Significance of the Vedic age. Evolution of monarchy and Verna system.
6. Period of Mahajanapada
formation of state (Mahajanapadas), republics and monarchies. Rise of urban centers. Trade routes. Economic growth. Introduction of coinage. Spread of Jainism and Buddhism. Rise of Nandas and Magadha. Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7. Mauryan empire
Foundation of the Mauryan empire. Chandragupta. Kautilya and Arthsastra. Asoka and concept of Dharma. Edicts. Polity. Administration. Economy. Art. Architecture and Sculpture. External contacts. Religion. Spread of religion. Literature. Disintegration of the empire. Shungas and Kanvas.
8. Post Mauryan period
(Indo Greeks. Shaka. Kushanas. Western Kshatrapas) contact with out side world. Growth of urban centers. Economy. Coinage. Development of religions. Mahayana. Social conditions. Art, architecture, culture, literature ad science.
9. Early state and society in eastern India, Deccan and South India
Kharvela. The Satvahanas. Tamil states of the Sangam age. Administration. Economy. Land grants. Coinage. Trade guilds and urban centers. Buddhist centers. Sangam literature and culture. Art and architecture.
10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Verdhans
Polity and administration. Economic conditions. Coinage of Guptas. Land grants. Decline of urban centers. Indian feudalism. Caste system. Position of women. Education and educational institutions. Nalanda, Vikramshila and Vallabhi. Literature. Scientific literature. Art and architecture.
11. Regional states during Gupta era
the Kadambas. Pallawas. Chalukyas of Badami. Polity and administration. Trade guilds. Literature. Growth of Vaishnava and Shaiva religions. Tamil Bhakti Movements. Shankaracharya. Vedanta. Institutions of temples and temple architecture. Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas. Paramaras. Polity and administration. Cultural aspects. Arab conquest of Sindh. Al-Beruni. The Chalukyas of Kalyana. Cholas. Hoyasalas. Pandyas. Polity and administration. Local government. Growth of art and architecture. Religious sects. Institution of temples and Maths. Agraharas. Education and literature. Economy and society.
12. Themes in early India cultural history
Languages and texts. Major states in the evolution of art and architecture. Major philosophical thinkers. And schools. Ideas in science and mathematics.
MEDIEVAL INDIA
13. Early medieval India 750-1200
Polity. Major political developments in northern India and the Peninsula. Origin and rise of Rajputs. The Chola’s administration. Village economy and society. “Indian feudalism”. Agrarian economy and urban settlements. Trade and commerce. Society. The status of the Brahmans and the new social order. Condition of women. Indian science and technology.
14. Cultural traditions in India 750 -1200
philosophy Sankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtdvaitvad, Madhva and Brahmamimansa,
religion. Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult. Growth of bhakti. Islam and its arrivel in India. Sufism.
Literature. literature in Sanskrit. Growth of tamil literature. Literature in the newly developing languages. Kalhan’s rajtrangini. Alberuni’s India.
Art and architecture. Temple architecture .scupture. painting.
15. The thirteen century
the gorian invasion. Factors behind gorian success. Economic , social and cultural consequences. Foundation of delhi sultanate and Turkish. Consolidatoion. The rule of Iltutmish and bulban.
16. The fourteen century
the Khalji revolution. Alauddin Khalji. Conquest and territorial expansiojn. Agrarian and
economic measures.
Muhammad Tughlak. Major projects. Agrarian measures. Bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughlak.
Firoz Tughlak. Agrarian masures. Achievements in civil engineering and public works. Decline of the sultanate. Foreign contacts and Ibn Batuta’s account.
17. Society. Culture and Economy in the thirteen and fourteen century.
Society. Composition of rural society. Ruling calluses. Town dwellers. Women. Religious classes. Castes and Slavery under the Sultanate. Bhakti movement. Sufi Movement.
Culture. Persia literature. Literature in the regional language of north India. Literature in the languages of south India. Sultanate architecture and new structural form. painting. Evolution of a composite culture.
Economy. Agricultural production. Rise of urban economy and non agricultural productin. Trade and commerce.
18. The fifteen and early sixteen centuries-political development and economy.
Rise of provincial dynasties. Bengal. Kashmir (Zainul Abidin) Gujrat. Malwa.bahmanies.
the Vijayanagra empire
Lodhis
Mughal empire. First hase. Babar and Humayun.
The sur empire. Sher Shah’s administration.
Portuhuese colonial enterprise.
Bhakti and Sufi movement.
19. The fifteenth and early sixteenth century-siciety and culture
regional cultural specifities.
Literary traditions.
Provincial architecture.
Society. Culture. Literature and the art in Vijaya anagram empire.
20. Akbar
Conquest and consolidayion of the empire.
Stablishment of Jagir and Mansab systems.
Rajput policies.
Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sul-i-Kul and religious policy.
Court patronage of art and technology.
21. Mughal empire in the seventeen century.
Major administrative policies of Jahangir. Shahjajan and Aurangjeb.
The empire and the Zamindars.
Religious policies of Jahangir. Shahjanhan and Aurangzeb.
Nature of the Mughal state.
Late seventeen century crisis and the revolts.
The Ahom kingdom.
Shivaji and early maratha kingdom.
22. Economy and society in the sixteen and seventeen century.
Population. Agricultural production. Craft production.
Towns. Commerce with Europe through Dutch.english and French companied: a trade revolution.
Indian merchantile classes. Banking. Ensurance and Credit systems.
Condition of peasants. Condition of women.
Evolution of the sikh community and the Kalsha Panth.
23. Culure in the Mughal empire.
Persian histories and other literature.
Hindi and other religious literature.
Mughal architecture.
Mughal painting.
Provincial architecture and painting.
Classical painting science and technology.
24. The Eighteen century.
Factors for the decline of the Mughal empire.
Regional principalities. “nizams” deccan. Bengals. Awadh.
Maratha ascendationcy under the peshwas.
The Maratha ficl and financial system.
Emergence of Afgan power. Battle of Panipat 1761.
State of politics. Culture and economy on the eve of the british conquest.
PAPER-II
MODERN INDIA
1. European Penetration into India:
The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.
2. British Expansion in India:
Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.
3. Early Structure of the British Raj:
The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt's India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.
4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:
(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.
(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.
5. Social and Cultural Developments:
The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science; Christian missionary activities in India.
6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas:
Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
7. Indian Response to British Rule:
Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18 th and 19 th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, character, causes of failure, the consequences; The shift in the character of peasant uprisings in the post-1857 period; the peasant movements of the 1920s and 1930s.
8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism;
Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; the Moderates and Extremists; The Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.
9. Rise of Gandhi;
Character of Gandhian nationalism; Gandhi's popular appeal; Rowlatt Satyagraha; the Khilafat Movement; the Non-cooperation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of the Civil Disobedience Movement; Simon Commission; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences; Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries; Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.
10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935
11. other strands in the national movement
The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency, Outside India
The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party: the Communist Party of India, other left parties.
12. Political separatism
The Muslim League; the Hindu Mahasabha; Communalism and the politics of partition; Transfer of power; Independence
13. Consolidation as a nation
Nehru's Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States; Princes in electoral politics; the Question on National Language
14. Caste and ethnicity after 1947;
Backward castes and tribes in post-colonial electoral politics
15. Economic development and political change ;
Land reforms; the politics of planning and rural reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science.
MODERN WORLD
16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas:
Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau
Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies
Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian Socialism.
17. Origins of Modern Politics:
European States System.
American Revolution and the Constitution.
French revolution and aftermath, 1789-1815.
American Civil War with reference to Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, Chartists.
18. Industrialization:
English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society
Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan
Industrialization and Globalization.
19. Nation-State System:
Rise of Nationalism in 19th century.
Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy
Disintegration of Empires in the face of the emergence of nationalities across the world.
20. Imperialism and Colonialism:
South and South-East Asia
Latin America and South Africa
Australia
Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-imperialism
21. Revolution and Counter-Revolution:
19th Century European revolutions.
The Russian Revolution of 1917-1921
Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
The Chinese Revolution of 1949
22. World Wars:
1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal implications
World War I: Causes and consequences
World War II: Causes and consequence
The World after World War II:
23. Emergence of two power blocs.
Emergence of Third World and non-alignment
UNO and the global disputes.
Liberation from Colonial Rule:
Latin America-Bolivar
Arab World-Egypt
Africa-Apartheid to Democracy
South-East Asia-Vietnam
24. Decolonization and Underdevelopment:
Factors constraining development: Latin America, Africa Unification of Europe:
Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community
Consolidation and Expansion of European Community European Union.
25. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:
Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991
Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.
End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.
Saturday, August 15, 2009
Friday, August 14, 2009
>>BOOKS FOR UPSC HISTORY PRELIM and MAIN EXAMINATION :
ANCIENT INDIA
1 NCERT (11th)
2 IGNOU booklet (GRADUATE LEVEL)
3 The Advanced History of India - Majumdar, Raychaudhuri & Datta
4 The wonder that was India - A. L Basham
5 Ancient India in historical outline (Revised and enlarged edition - 98) - D.N. Jha
6 Mauryan : Asoka and the decline of Mauryan empire - Romila Thapar
MEDIEVAL INDIA
1 NCERT (11th)
2 The Advanced History of India - Majumdar, Raychaudhuri & Datta
3 Social life and cultural life of both Delhi Sultanate and Mughal India - J.L. Mehta
4 A history of South India - K. A. Nilakanta Shastri
5 IGNOU material (specially on agriculture and agrarian relations and culture)
6 Medival India - Volume I & II Satish Chandra
7 Wonder that was India – S. A. A. Rizvi
MODERN INDIA
1 NCERT (12th)
2 A new look into the modern Indian history - B.L Grover
3 Freedom struggle - Bipin Chandra, Varun Dey and Amlesh Tripathy (NBT)
4 India's struggle for independence - Bipin Chandra
5 Modern India - Sumit Sarkar
6 IGNOU material
7 Freedom Struggle - Bipin chandra NCERT VIII, IX, X,XI,XII History
For overall subject coverage:
1. Indian History guide- Krishna Reddy
2. Competition Wizard Workbook.
3. IGNOU Material
1 NCERT (11th)
2 IGNOU booklet (GRADUATE LEVEL)
3 The Advanced History of India - Majumdar, Raychaudhuri & Datta
4 The wonder that was India - A. L Basham
5 Ancient India in historical outline (Revised and enlarged edition - 98) - D.N. Jha
6 Mauryan : Asoka and the decline of Mauryan empire - Romila Thapar
MEDIEVAL INDIA
1 NCERT (11th)
2 The Advanced History of India - Majumdar, Raychaudhuri & Datta
3 Social life and cultural life of both Delhi Sultanate and Mughal India - J.L. Mehta
4 A history of South India - K. A. Nilakanta Shastri
5 IGNOU material (specially on agriculture and agrarian relations and culture)
6 Medival India - Volume I & II Satish Chandra
7 Wonder that was India – S. A. A. Rizvi
MODERN INDIA
1 NCERT (12th)
2 A new look into the modern Indian history - B.L Grover
3 Freedom struggle - Bipin Chandra, Varun Dey and Amlesh Tripathy (NBT)
4 India's struggle for independence - Bipin Chandra
5 Modern India - Sumit Sarkar
6 IGNOU material
7 Freedom Struggle - Bipin chandra NCERT VIII, IX, X,XI,XII History
For overall subject coverage:
1. Indian History guide- Krishna Reddy
2. Competition Wizard Workbook.
3. IGNOU Material
>>History Syllabus for Preliminary Examination
History Syllabus for Preliminary Examination
Section-A
1. Prehistoric cultures in India
2. Indus Civilization. Origins. The Mature Phase: extent, society, economy and culture. Contacts with other cultures.Problems of decline.
3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming communities outside the Indus region, from the neolithic to early iron phases.
4. Vedic society. The Vedic texts; changefrom Rigvedic to later Vedic phases. Religion; Upanishadic thought. Political and social organisation; evolutuion of monarchy and varna system.
5. State formation and urbanization, from the mahajanapadas to the Nandas. Jainism and Buddhism. Factors for the spread of Buddhism.
6. The Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta; Megasthenes. Asoka and his inscriptions; his dhamma, administration, culture and art. The Arthasastra.
7. Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300. Society: Evolution of jatis. The Satavahanas and state
formation in Peninsula. Sangam texts and society. Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushanas; Kanishka. Contacts with the outside world. Religion : Saivism, Bhagavatism, Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism; Jainism; Culture and art.
8. The Guptas and their successors (to c. 750 AD). Changes in political organisation of empire. Economy and society. Literature and science. Arts. Section-B
9. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties; the Chola Empire. Agrarian and political structures. The Rajaputras. Extent of social mobility. Postition of women. The Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavides.
10. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious conditions : importance of temples and monastic institutions; Sankaracharya; Islam; Sufism. Literature and Science. Alberuni’s "India". Art and architecture.
11-12. Thirteenth and fourteenth Centuries: Ghorian invasions causes and consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the "Slave" Rulers. Alauddin Khalji : Conquests; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug's innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Growth of commerce and urbanization. Mystic movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes.
13. The fifteenth and early 16th Century : major Provinicial dynasties; Vijaya-nagara Empire. The Lodis, First phase of the Mughal Empire: Babur, Humayun. The Sur empire and administration. The Portuguese. Montheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. Growth of regional literatures. Art and Culture.
14-15. The Mughal Empire , 1556-1707. Akbar: conquests, administrative measures, jagir and mansab systems; policy of sulh-i-kul. Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb : expansion in the Deccan; religious policies. Shivaji. Culture: Persian and regional literatures. Religious thought: Abul Fazl; Maharashtra dharma. Painting. Architecture. Economy: conditions of peasants and artisans, growth in trade; commerce with Europe. Social stratification and status of women.
16. Decline of Mughal Empire, 1707-61. Causes behind decline. Maratha power under the Peshwas. Regional states. The Afghans. Major elements of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Rise of Urdu language. Section-C
17. British expansion : The Carnatic Wars, Conquest of Bengal. Mysore and its resitance to British expansion: The three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Early structure of British raj: Regulating and Pitt's India Acts.
18. Economic Impact of the British Raj : Drain of Wealth (Tribute); land revenue settlements (zamindari, ryotwari, mahalwari); Deindustrialisation; Railways and commercialisation of agriculture; Growth of landless labour.
19. Cultural encounter and social changes: Introduction of western education and modern ideas. Indian Renaissance, social and religious reform movements; growth of Indian middle class; The press and its impact: rise of modern literature in Indian languages. Social reforms measures before 1857.
20. Resistance to British rule : Early uprisings; The 1857 Revolt- causes, nature, course and consequences.
21. Indian Freedom struggle-the first phase: Growth of national consciousness; Formation of Associations; Establishment of the Indian National Congress and its Moderate phase;- Economic Nationalism; Swadeshi Movement; The growth of "Extremism" and the 1907 split in Congress; The Act of 1909 - the policy of Divide and Rule; Congress-League Pact of 1916.
22. Gandhi and his thought; Gandhian techniques of mass mobilisation- Khilafat and Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience and Quit India Movement; Other strands in the National Movement-Revolutionaries, the Left, Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army.
23. Separatist Trends in Indian nationalist politics- the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha; The post -1945 developments; Partition and Independence.
24. India independent to 1964. A parliamentary, secular, democratic (republic the 1950 Constitution). Jawaharlal Nehru's vision of a developed, socialist society. Planning and state-controlled industrialization. Agrarian reforms. Foreign policy of Non-alignment. Border conflict with China and Chinese aggression.
Section-A
1. Prehistoric cultures in India
2. Indus Civilization. Origins. The Mature Phase: extent, society, economy and culture. Contacts with other cultures.Problems of decline.
3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming communities outside the Indus region, from the neolithic to early iron phases.
4. Vedic society. The Vedic texts; changefrom Rigvedic to later Vedic phases. Religion; Upanishadic thought. Political and social organisation; evolutuion of monarchy and varna system.
5. State formation and urbanization, from the mahajanapadas to the Nandas. Jainism and Buddhism. Factors for the spread of Buddhism.
6. The Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta; Megasthenes. Asoka and his inscriptions; his dhamma, administration, culture and art. The Arthasastra.
7. Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300. Society: Evolution of jatis. The Satavahanas and state
formation in Peninsula. Sangam texts and society. Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushanas; Kanishka. Contacts with the outside world. Religion : Saivism, Bhagavatism, Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism; Jainism; Culture and art.
8. The Guptas and their successors (to c. 750 AD). Changes in political organisation of empire. Economy and society. Literature and science. Arts. Section-B
9. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties; the Chola Empire. Agrarian and political structures. The Rajaputras. Extent of social mobility. Postition of women. The Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavides.
10. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious conditions : importance of temples and monastic institutions; Sankaracharya; Islam; Sufism. Literature and Science. Alberuni’s "India". Art and architecture.
11-12. Thirteenth and fourteenth Centuries: Ghorian invasions causes and consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the "Slave" Rulers. Alauddin Khalji : Conquests; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug's innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Growth of commerce and urbanization. Mystic movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes.
13. The fifteenth and early 16th Century : major Provinicial dynasties; Vijaya-nagara Empire. The Lodis, First phase of the Mughal Empire: Babur, Humayun. The Sur empire and administration. The Portuguese. Montheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. Growth of regional literatures. Art and Culture.
14-15. The Mughal Empire , 1556-1707. Akbar: conquests, administrative measures, jagir and mansab systems; policy of sulh-i-kul. Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb : expansion in the Deccan; religious policies. Shivaji. Culture: Persian and regional literatures. Religious thought: Abul Fazl; Maharashtra dharma. Painting. Architecture. Economy: conditions of peasants and artisans, growth in trade; commerce with Europe. Social stratification and status of women.
16. Decline of Mughal Empire, 1707-61. Causes behind decline. Maratha power under the Peshwas. Regional states. The Afghans. Major elements of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Rise of Urdu language. Section-C
17. British expansion : The Carnatic Wars, Conquest of Bengal. Mysore and its resitance to British expansion: The three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Early structure of British raj: Regulating and Pitt's India Acts.
18. Economic Impact of the British Raj : Drain of Wealth (Tribute); land revenue settlements (zamindari, ryotwari, mahalwari); Deindustrialisation; Railways and commercialisation of agriculture; Growth of landless labour.
19. Cultural encounter and social changes: Introduction of western education and modern ideas. Indian Renaissance, social and religious reform movements; growth of Indian middle class; The press and its impact: rise of modern literature in Indian languages. Social reforms measures before 1857.
20. Resistance to British rule : Early uprisings; The 1857 Revolt- causes, nature, course and consequences.
21. Indian Freedom struggle-the first phase: Growth of national consciousness; Formation of Associations; Establishment of the Indian National Congress and its Moderate phase;- Economic Nationalism; Swadeshi Movement; The growth of "Extremism" and the 1907 split in Congress; The Act of 1909 - the policy of Divide and Rule; Congress-League Pact of 1916.
22. Gandhi and his thought; Gandhian techniques of mass mobilisation- Khilafat and Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience and Quit India Movement; Other strands in the National Movement-Revolutionaries, the Left, Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army.
23. Separatist Trends in Indian nationalist politics- the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha; The post -1945 developments; Partition and Independence.
24. India independent to 1964. A parliamentary, secular, democratic (republic the 1950 Constitution). Jawaharlal Nehru's vision of a developed, socialist society. Planning and state-controlled industrialization. Agrarian reforms. Foreign policy of Non-alignment. Border conflict with China and Chinese aggression.
>>Political Science and International Relations Syllabus Main examination
Political Science and International Relations
PAPER - I
Political Theory and Indian Politics:
1. Political Theory: meaning and approaches.
2. Theories of the State: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial and feminist.
3. Justice: Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl's theory of justice and its communitarian critiques.
4. Equality: Social, political and economic; relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.
5. Rights: Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; concept of Human Rights.
6. Democracy: Classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracy – representative, participatory and deliberative.
7. Concept of power:hegemony, ideology and legitimacy.
8. Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.
9. Indian Political Thought : Dharamshastra, Arthashastra and Buddhist traditions ; Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan, Sri Aurobindo, M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, M.N. Roy .
Paper - II
Comparative Politics and International Relations
Section-A
Comparative Analysis and International Politics
1. Approaches to the study of comparative politics : traditional approaches; political economy, political sociology or political system approaches; Nature of political process in the Third World.
2. The Modern State : Evolution, the contemporary trends in the advanced industrial countries and the third world.
3. Development : Strategies and contemporary discourse.
4. Concepts of International politics : Power, national interest, balance of power, national security, collective security and peace.
5. Theories of International politics Marxist, Realist, Systems, Decision-making and Game Theory.
6. Determinants of foreign policy : Domestic compulsions, geopolitics, geoeconomics and global order.
7. Origin and contemporary relevance of the Cold War, nature of the post-cold war global order.
8. Major issues of world politics : Cuban Missile Crisis; Vietnam War, Oil Crisis, Afghan Civil War, Gulf War, Collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslav Crisis.
9. Non-alignment : Concept and movement; Third World Movements for global justice, Non-alignment in the post cold war era.
10. The evolution of the international economic system-from Bretton woods to WTO, the North-South dimension.
11. International organisations UN and its specialized agencies : International Court of Justice; ILO, UNICEF, WHO UNESCO.
12. Regional organizations such as the ASEAN, APEC, EU, SAARC, NAFTA
13. Contemporary Global Concerns : Democracy, Human Rights, Ecology, Gender Justice,
Global commons, Communication.
Section-B
India and the World
1. Indian Foreign Policy : Historical origins, determinants; the institutions of policy-making; continuity and change.
2. India and the Non-Alignment Movement : Evolution and contemporary relevance. Socio- political basis of non-alignment-domestic and global.
3. Major issues in Indian foreign policy : Sino-Indian Border War (1962); Indo-Pakistan War (1971) and the liberation of Bangladesh; IPKF in Sri Lanka; India as military nuclear power (1998).
4. Conflict and co-operation in South Asia : India's relations with Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal. Regional co-operation and SAARC. Kashmir question in India's foreign policy.
5. India's relation with Africa and Latin America.
6. India and South East Asia; ASEAN.
7. India and the major powers : USA, EU, China, Japan and Russia.
8. India and the UN System : India's role in UN Peace Keeping and global disarmament.
9. India and the emerging international economic order; multilateral agencies-WTO, IMF, IBRD, ADB.
10. India and the question of nuclear weapons : NPT and CTBT.
PAPER - I
Political Theory and Indian Politics:
1. Political Theory: meaning and approaches.
2. Theories of the State: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial and feminist.
3. Justice: Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl's theory of justice and its communitarian critiques.
4. Equality: Social, political and economic; relationship between equality and freedom; Affirmative action.
5. Rights: Meaning and theories; different kinds of rights; concept of Human Rights.
6. Democracy: Classical and contemporary theories; different models of democracy – representative, participatory and deliberative.
7. Concept of power:hegemony, ideology and legitimacy.
8. Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Socialism, Marxism, Fascism, Gandhism and Feminism.
9. Indian Political Thought : Dharamshastra, Arthashastra and Buddhist traditions ; Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan, Sri Aurobindo, M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, M.N. Roy .
Paper - II
Comparative Politics and International Relations
Section-A
Comparative Analysis and International Politics
1. Approaches to the study of comparative politics : traditional approaches; political economy, political sociology or political system approaches; Nature of political process in the Third World.
2. The Modern State : Evolution, the contemporary trends in the advanced industrial countries and the third world.
3. Development : Strategies and contemporary discourse.
4. Concepts of International politics : Power, national interest, balance of power, national security, collective security and peace.
5. Theories of International politics Marxist, Realist, Systems, Decision-making and Game Theory.
6. Determinants of foreign policy : Domestic compulsions, geopolitics, geoeconomics and global order.
7. Origin and contemporary relevance of the Cold War, nature of the post-cold war global order.
8. Major issues of world politics : Cuban Missile Crisis; Vietnam War, Oil Crisis, Afghan Civil War, Gulf War, Collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslav Crisis.
9. Non-alignment : Concept and movement; Third World Movements for global justice, Non-alignment in the post cold war era.
10. The evolution of the international economic system-from Bretton woods to WTO, the North-South dimension.
11. International organisations UN and its specialized agencies : International Court of Justice; ILO, UNICEF, WHO UNESCO.
12. Regional organizations such as the ASEAN, APEC, EU, SAARC, NAFTA
13. Contemporary Global Concerns : Democracy, Human Rights, Ecology, Gender Justice,
Global commons, Communication.
Section-B
India and the World
1. Indian Foreign Policy : Historical origins, determinants; the institutions of policy-making; continuity and change.
2. India and the Non-Alignment Movement : Evolution and contemporary relevance. Socio- political basis of non-alignment-domestic and global.
3. Major issues in Indian foreign policy : Sino-Indian Border War (1962); Indo-Pakistan War (1971) and the liberation of Bangladesh; IPKF in Sri Lanka; India as military nuclear power (1998).
4. Conflict and co-operation in South Asia : India's relations with Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal. Regional co-operation and SAARC. Kashmir question in India's foreign policy.
5. India's relation with Africa and Latin America.
6. India and South East Asia; ASEAN.
7. India and the major powers : USA, EU, China, Japan and Russia.
8. India and the UN System : India's role in UN Peace Keeping and global disarmament.
9. India and the emerging international economic order; multilateral agencies-WTO, IMF, IBRD, ADB.
10. India and the question of nuclear weapons : NPT and CTBT.
>>Public Administration syllabus for Main exam
PAPER I
1. Administrative Theory;
Introduction meaning and scope of Public Administration. Wilson’s vision of Public Administration. Evolution of the discipline and its recent status. New Public Administration. Public Choice Approach. Challenges of liberalization, privatization, globalization. Good Governance: concept and application. New Public Management.
2. Administrative Thought
Scientific management and scientific management movement. Classical theory. Weber’s bureaucratic model-its critics and post Weberian development. Dynamic administration (Mary Parker Follett). Human relations school (Elton Mayo and Others). Functions of the executives (C.I. Bernard). Simon’s decision making theory. Participative management (R. Likert, C.R. Argyris, D. McGregor)
3. Administrative Behaviour
Process and techniques of decision making. Communication, Morale, Motivation theory-content, process and contemporary; Theories of leadership: traditional and modern.
4. Organizations
Theories-systems contingency. Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments. Corporations. Companies. boards and Commissions. Ad-hoc and Advisory body. Headquarter and field relationship. Regulatory Authorities. Public-private partnership.
5. Accountability and Control
Concepts of accountability and control. Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration. Citizen and administration. Role of media, interest groups. Voluntary organization. Civil Society. Citizen’s Charters. Right to information. Social audit*.
6. Administrative Law
Meaning scope and significance. Dicey on administrative law. Delegated legislation. Administrative tribunals
7. Comparative Public Administration
Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems. Administration and politics in different countries. Current status of Comparative public administration. Ecology and administration. Riggsian model and their critique.
8. Development Dynamics
Concepts of development. Changing profile of development administration. Anti development thesis*. Bureaucracy and develop
ment. Strong state Vs the market debate. Impact of liberalization on administration in developing countries. Woman and development-the self help group movement.
9. Personnel Administration
Importance of human resource development. Recruitment. training. career advancement. position classification. Discipline. Performance appraisal. Promotion. Pay and service condition. Employer-employee relation. Grievance redressal mechanism. Code of conduct. Administrative ethics.
10. Public Policy
Models of policy-making and their critique. Process of conceptualization. Planning. Implementation. Monitoring. Evaluation and review and their limitation. State theories and Public policy formulation.
11. Techniques of Administrative Improvements
Organizations and methods. Work study and work management. E-governance and information technology. Management tools like network analysis .MIS. PERT. CPM*.
12. Financial Administration
Monetary and fiscal policies. Public borrowing and public debt budget-types and forms. Budgetary processes. Financial accountability. Accounts and audit.
PAPER II
1. Evolution of Indian Administration
Kautilya’s Arthsastra. Mughal administration. Legacy of British rule in politics and administration-Indianization of public services. Revenue administration. District administration. Local self government.
2. Philosophical and Constitutional Framework of government
Salient features and value premises. Constitutionalism. Political culture. Bureaucracy and democracy. Bureaucracy and development.
3. Public Sector undertakings
Public sector in modern India. Forms of public sector undertaking. Problems of autonomy accountability and control. Impact of liberalization and privatization.
4. Union Government and Administration
Executive. Parliament. Judiciary-structure. Functions. Work processes. Recent trends. Intergovernmental relations. Cabinet secretariat. Prime minister’s office. Central secretariat. Ministries and departments. Boards. Commissions. Attached offices. Field organizations.
5. Plans and Priorities
Machineries of planning. Role. Composition and function of Planning commission and National Development Council. Indicative planning. Process of plan formulation at union and state levels. Constitutional amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice
6. State Government and Administration
Union-state administrative, legislative and financial relations. Role of the finance commission. Governor. Chief minister. Council of ministers. Chief secretary. State secretariat. Directorates.
7. District Administration since Independence
Changing role of the collector. Union-state-local relations. Imperatives of development management and law and order administration. District administration and democratic decentralization.
8. Civil Services
Constitutional position. Structure. Recruitment. Training and capacity building. Good governance initiatives. Code of conduct and discipline. Staff association. Political rights. Grievance redressal mechanism. Civil service neutrality. Civil service activism*.
9. Financial Management
Budget as a political instrument. Parliamentary control of public expenditure. Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area. Accountings techniques. Audit. Role of Controller General of accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
10. Administrative Reforms since Independence
Major concerns. Important committees and commissions. Reforms in financial management and human resource development problems of implementation.
11. Rural Development
Institutions and agencies since independence. Rural development programmes: foci and strategies. Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd constitution al amendments.
12. Urban Local Government
Municipal governance: main features, structures. Finance and problems areas; 74th constitutional amendment; global debate; new localism; development dynamics. Politics and administration with special reference to city management.
13. Law and Order Administration
British legacy. National police commission. Investigative agencies. Role of central and state agencies including Para-military forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism. Criminalization of politics and administration. Police public relation. Reforms in police.
14. Significant Issues in Indian Administration
Values in public service. Regulatory commissions. Problems of administration in coalition regime*. Citizen administration interface. Corruption and administration. Disaster management*.
1. Administrative Theory;
Introduction meaning and scope of Public Administration. Wilson’s vision of Public Administration. Evolution of the discipline and its recent status. New Public Administration. Public Choice Approach. Challenges of liberalization, privatization, globalization. Good Governance: concept and application. New Public Management.
2. Administrative Thought
Scientific management and scientific management movement. Classical theory. Weber’s bureaucratic model-its critics and post Weberian development. Dynamic administration (Mary Parker Follett). Human relations school (Elton Mayo and Others). Functions of the executives (C.I. Bernard). Simon’s decision making theory. Participative management (R. Likert, C.R. Argyris, D. McGregor)
3. Administrative Behaviour
Process and techniques of decision making. Communication, Morale, Motivation theory-content, process and contemporary; Theories of leadership: traditional and modern.
4. Organizations
Theories-systems contingency. Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments. Corporations. Companies. boards and Commissions. Ad-hoc and Advisory body. Headquarter and field relationship. Regulatory Authorities. Public-private partnership.
5. Accountability and Control
Concepts of accountability and control. Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration. Citizen and administration. Role of media, interest groups. Voluntary organization. Civil Society. Citizen’s Charters. Right to information. Social audit*.
6. Administrative Law
Meaning scope and significance. Dicey on administrative law. Delegated legislation. Administrative tribunals
7. Comparative Public Administration
Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems. Administration and politics in different countries. Current status of Comparative public administration. Ecology and administration. Riggsian model and their critique.
8. Development Dynamics
Concepts of development. Changing profile of development administration. Anti development thesis*. Bureaucracy and develop
ment. Strong state Vs the market debate. Impact of liberalization on administration in developing countries. Woman and development-the self help group movement.
9. Personnel Administration
Importance of human resource development. Recruitment. training. career advancement. position classification. Discipline. Performance appraisal. Promotion. Pay and service condition. Employer-employee relation. Grievance redressal mechanism. Code of conduct. Administrative ethics.
10. Public Policy
Models of policy-making and their critique. Process of conceptualization. Planning. Implementation. Monitoring. Evaluation and review and their limitation. State theories and Public policy formulation.
11. Techniques of Administrative Improvements
Organizations and methods. Work study and work management. E-governance and information technology. Management tools like network analysis .MIS. PERT. CPM*.
12. Financial Administration
Monetary and fiscal policies. Public borrowing and public debt budget-types and forms. Budgetary processes. Financial accountability. Accounts and audit.
PAPER II
1. Evolution of Indian Administration
Kautilya’s Arthsastra. Mughal administration. Legacy of British rule in politics and administration-Indianization of public services. Revenue administration. District administration. Local self government.
2. Philosophical and Constitutional Framework of government
Salient features and value premises. Constitutionalism. Political culture. Bureaucracy and democracy. Bureaucracy and development.
3. Public Sector undertakings
Public sector in modern India. Forms of public sector undertaking. Problems of autonomy accountability and control. Impact of liberalization and privatization.
4. Union Government and Administration
Executive. Parliament. Judiciary-structure. Functions. Work processes. Recent trends. Intergovernmental relations. Cabinet secretariat. Prime minister’s office. Central secretariat. Ministries and departments. Boards. Commissions. Attached offices. Field organizations.
5. Plans and Priorities
Machineries of planning. Role. Composition and function of Planning commission and National Development Council. Indicative planning. Process of plan formulation at union and state levels. Constitutional amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice
6. State Government and Administration
Union-state administrative, legislative and financial relations. Role of the finance commission. Governor. Chief minister. Council of ministers. Chief secretary. State secretariat. Directorates.
7. District Administration since Independence
Changing role of the collector. Union-state-local relations. Imperatives of development management and law and order administration. District administration and democratic decentralization.
8. Civil Services
Constitutional position. Structure. Recruitment. Training and capacity building. Good governance initiatives. Code of conduct and discipline. Staff association. Political rights. Grievance redressal mechanism. Civil service neutrality. Civil service activism*.
9. Financial Management
Budget as a political instrument. Parliamentary control of public expenditure. Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area. Accountings techniques. Audit. Role of Controller General of accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
10. Administrative Reforms since Independence
Major concerns. Important committees and commissions. Reforms in financial management and human resource development problems of implementation.
11. Rural Development
Institutions and agencies since independence. Rural development programmes: foci and strategies. Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd constitution al amendments.
12. Urban Local Government
Municipal governance: main features, structures. Finance and problems areas; 74th constitutional amendment; global debate; new localism; development dynamics. Politics and administration with special reference to city management.
13. Law and Order Administration
British legacy. National police commission. Investigative agencies. Role of central and state agencies including Para-military forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism. Criminalization of politics and administration. Police public relation. Reforms in police.
14. Significant Issues in Indian Administration
Values in public service. Regulatory commissions. Problems of administration in coalition regime*. Citizen administration interface. Corruption and administration. Disaster management*.
>>PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REFERENCE BOOKS FOR PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION :
1. Indian Administration - Ramesh K. Arora & Rajni Goyal.
2. Indian Administration - S.R. Maheswari.
3. Administrative Theory - Avasti & Avasti
4. Public Administration - Avasti & Maheswari.
5. Administrative Thinkers - R. Prasad and Prasad.
6. Administrative Thinkers - S.R. Maheswari.
7. Public Administration - Sadan and Sharma
8. Local Government - S.R. Maheswari.
9. New Horizons of Public Administration - Mohit Bhattacharya.
10. Public Administration Theory and concepts - Rumki Basu
11. Public Administration (Manual) (TATA MC Graw Hill) - Laxmikanth.
12. SUBHASH KASHYAP
(OUR CONSTITUTION)
(OUR PARLIAMENT)
13. P.M. BAKSHI(FOR ARTICLE WISE STUDY OF THE NDIAN CONSTITUTION)
14. IJPA articles on relevant topics
15. Current News Papers
2. Indian Administration - S.R. Maheswari.
3. Administrative Theory - Avasti & Avasti
4. Public Administration - Avasti & Maheswari.
5. Administrative Thinkers - R. Prasad and Prasad.
6. Administrative Thinkers - S.R. Maheswari.
7. Public Administration - Sadan and Sharma
8. Local Government - S.R. Maheswari.
9. New Horizons of Public Administration - Mohit Bhattacharya.
10. Public Administration Theory and concepts - Rumki Basu
11. Public Administration (Manual) (TATA MC Graw Hill) - Laxmikanth.
12. SUBHASH KASHYAP
(OUR CONSTITUTION)
(OUR PARLIAMENT)
13. P.M. BAKSHI(FOR ARTICLE WISE STUDY OF THE NDIAN CONSTITUTION)
14. IJPA articles on relevant topics
15. Current News Papers
SYLLABUS:- syllabus for any exam is of prime importance. Without going through the syllabus one can not understand the nature of examination and the area to be covered for that purpose. So proper understanding of the syllabus is the first step towards success.
QUESTION BANK:- Go through the last ten years question seriously for Prelim and Main exams both. And on the last five years question you need to have a research on them. This means you need to identify
· Why that question has been asked?
· What is the nature of the question asked?
· What is the background of that question?
· From which source this question has been taken out?Once these informations are clear in your mind your task of preparing for the examination would be greatly simplified. Your first task has to be to go thorough the syllabus and then topic wise study of the question bank. It would be only after that you can proceed with wide ranging, intensive as well as extensive study for the examination.
>>Public Administration Syllabus for Preliminary Examination
Public Administration Syllabus for Preliminary Examination
1. Introduction :
Meaning, scope and significance. Evolution and status of the discipline. Comparative Public Administration and Development Administration. Public and Private Administration: State versus market debate. New Pubic Administration. New Public Management perspective.
2. Basic concepts and principles :
Organisation, hierarchy, Unity of command, Span of control, Authority and Responsibility, Co-ordination, Centralization and Decentralization, Delegation, Supervision, Line and Staff.
3. Theories of Administration :
Scientific Management (Taylor and the Scientific Managment Movement), Classical Theory (Fayol, Urwick, Gulick and others) Bureaucratic Theory (Weber and his critics). Ideas of Mary Parker Follett and C.I. Barnard; Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others). Behavioral Approach, Systems approach.
4. Administrative Behaviour :
Decision making with special reference to H. Simon, communication and control, leadership theories. Theories of motivation (Maslow and Herzberg)
5. Accountability and Control :
The concepts of Accountability and control : Legislative, executive and judicial control. Citizen and Administration: Role of civil society, people's participation and Right to Information.
6. Administrative Systems :
Comparative administrative features of USA, Great Britain, France and Japan.
7. Personnel Administration :
Role of Civil Service in developing societies; position classification, Recuritment, Training, Promotion, Pay and Service conditions. Relations with the Political Executive; Administrative Ethics.
8. Financial Administration :
Budget: Concepts and forms. Formulation and execution of budget, deficit financing and public debt, Accounts and Audit.
9. Union Government and Administration in India. British legacy :
Constitutional context of Indian Administration; The President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers; Central Secretariat; Cabinet Secretariat, Prime Minister's Office, Planning Commission; Finance Commission; Election Commission; Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. Public enterprises: Patterns, role performance and impact of liberalization.
10. Civil Services in India :
Recruitment to All India and Central Services. Union Public Service Commission; Training of Civil Servants. Generalists and Specialists. Minister-Civil Servant relationship.
11. State and District Administration :
Governor, Chief Minister, Secretariat, Chief Secretary, Directorates, District Collector: changing
role.
12. Local Government :
Panchayati Raj and Urban local Government: Main features, structures, finances and problem areas. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendements.
1. Introduction :
Meaning, scope and significance. Evolution and status of the discipline. Comparative Public Administration and Development Administration. Public and Private Administration: State versus market debate. New Pubic Administration. New Public Management perspective.
2. Basic concepts and principles :
Organisation, hierarchy, Unity of command, Span of control, Authority and Responsibility, Co-ordination, Centralization and Decentralization, Delegation, Supervision, Line and Staff.
3. Theories of Administration :
Scientific Management (Taylor and the Scientific Managment Movement), Classical Theory (Fayol, Urwick, Gulick and others) Bureaucratic Theory (Weber and his critics). Ideas of Mary Parker Follett and C.I. Barnard; Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others). Behavioral Approach, Systems approach.
4. Administrative Behaviour :
Decision making with special reference to H. Simon, communication and control, leadership theories. Theories of motivation (Maslow and Herzberg)
5. Accountability and Control :
The concepts of Accountability and control : Legislative, executive and judicial control. Citizen and Administration: Role of civil society, people's participation and Right to Information.
6. Administrative Systems :
Comparative administrative features of USA, Great Britain, France and Japan.
7. Personnel Administration :
Role of Civil Service in developing societies; position classification, Recuritment, Training, Promotion, Pay and Service conditions. Relations with the Political Executive; Administrative Ethics.
8. Financial Administration :
Budget: Concepts and forms. Formulation and execution of budget, deficit financing and public debt, Accounts and Audit.
9. Union Government and Administration in India. British legacy :
Constitutional context of Indian Administration; The President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers; Central Secretariat; Cabinet Secretariat, Prime Minister's Office, Planning Commission; Finance Commission; Election Commission; Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. Public enterprises: Patterns, role performance and impact of liberalization.
10. Civil Services in India :
Recruitment to All India and Central Services. Union Public Service Commission; Training of Civil Servants. Generalists and Specialists. Minister-Civil Servant relationship.
11. State and District Administration :
Governor, Chief Minister, Secretariat, Chief Secretary, Directorates, District Collector: changing
role.
12. Local Government :
Panchayati Raj and Urban local Government: Main features, structures, finances and problem areas. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendements.
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